![]() First, we present a brief overview of the different methods proposed for the fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds, focusing on the electrospinning approach. Therefore, in this review article, we have highlighted the great potential of electrospinning for the fabrication of nanofibers to be used as scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. Many studies have considered the use of nanofiber scaffolds to engineer bone, vascular, neural, and cartilage tissue. Considerable technical advances in the electrospinning process have enabled the design and synthesis of new polymeric materials with desirable properties, such as the structural variation of nanofibers and the ability to modify their hydrophilicity, conductivity, and antibacterial activity. The materials used to fabricate nanofibrous scaffolds are important synthetic, natural, and composite polymers have been widely used to make electrospun nanofibers. The large surface area and porous structure of electrospun nanofibers allow them to enhance cell functionality after the incorporation of multiple factors. Among them, the electrospinning technique has attracted considerable attention because it offers high porosity and an adjustable pore size distribution in nanofibrous scaffolds. To date, phase separation, self-assembly, and electrospinning have been used to make scaffolds with a nanofibrous architecture. Most ECM molecules have diverse interwoven fibrous structures in the nanoscale range that support cell adhesion and bioactivity, and thus, fabricating scaffolds with an architecture that mimics that of ECM molecules has been an active area of research in tissue engineering. Many researchers have attempted to modulate the biological function of cells by using biomaterials designed with a defined 3D structure and cell-instructive signals enriched with extracellular matrix (ECM)-like components. To achieve the fabrication of three dimensional (3D) tissue, tissue engineering requires knowledge of cell biology, chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology, and micro- and nano-fabrication. Tissue engineering provides an alternative approach to the restoration of injured tissue while circumventing the drawbacks associated with autologous and allogeneic tissue transplantation. The high occurrence of tissue injury and organ failure has caused the demand for organ transplantation to increase year by year. We also summarize the application of advanced polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds in the regeneration of human bone, cartilage, vascular tissues, and tendons/ligaments. In this review, we highlight the latest achievements in fabricating electrospun nanofibers and describe various ways to modify the surface and structure of scaffolds to promote their functionality. Furthermore, the electrospun nanofibers can be functionalized with various surface modification strategies. Electrospun nanofibers can be made from natural or synthetic polymers and blending them is a straightforward way to tune the functionality of the nanofibers. The processing and solution parameters of electrospinning can considerably affect the assembly and structural morphology of the fabricated nanofibers. Among several methods for producing nanofibrous scaffolds, electrospinning has gained intense interest because it can make nanofibers with a porous structure and high specific surface area. Tissue engineering uses a combination of cell biology, chemistry, and biomaterials to fabricate three dimensional (3D) tissues that mimic the architecture of extracellular matrix (ECM) comprising diverse interwoven nanofibrous structure.
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